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%\tableofcontents
\include{abstract}
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
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\newtheorem{defi}[thm]{Definition}
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\title{Distance-regular graphs with a\\ 
relatively small eigenvalue multiplicity}

\author{Jack H. Koolen\\
{\small{Department of Mathematics,  POSTECH, Pohang 790-785, Republic of Korea}}\\
{\small{koolen@postech.ac.kr}}\\
\and
Joohyung Kim{\footnote{Corresponding author}}\\
{\small{Department of Mathematics Education, Wonkwang University,}}\\[-0.8ex]
{\small {Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea}}\\
{\small{joohyung@wku.ac.kr}}\\
\and
Jongyook Park\\
{\small{Department of Econometrics and O.R.,
Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153,}}\\[-0.8ex]
{\small{ 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands}}\\
{\small{jongyook@hanmail.net}}
}


\date{\dateline{Jun 4, 2012}{Dec 18, 2012}{Jan 7, 2013}\\
\small Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05E30, 05C50}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
Godsil showed that if $\Gamma$ is a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 3$ and valency $k \geq 3$, and $\theta$ is an eigenvalue of $\Gamma$ with multiplicity $m \geq 2$, then $k \leq\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$.
\\

In this paper we will give a refined statement of this result. We show that if $\Gamma$ is a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 3$, valency $k \geq 2$ and an eigenvalue $\theta$ with multiplicity $m\geq 2$, such that $k$ is close to $\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$, then $\theta$ must be a tail. We also characterize the distance-regular graphs with diameter $D \geq 3$, valency $k \geq 3$ and an eigenvalue $\theta$ with multiplicity $m \geq 2$ satisfying $k= \frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$.
\end{abstract}


\section{Introduction}
For definitions and preliminaries, see Sections 2 and 3. In
\cite{godsil1}, Godsil showed
\begin{thm}\label{godsilbound}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$ and valency $k \geq 3$. Let $\theta$ be an eigenvalue of
$\Gamma$ with multiplicity $m \geq 2$. Then $k \leq
\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$.
\end{thm}

In this paper we will give, in Theorem \ref{main}, a refined
statement  of this result. We show that if $\Gamma$ is a
distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 3$, valency $k
\geq 2$ and an eigenvalue $\theta$ with multiplicity $m\geq 2$,
such that $k$ is close to $\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$, then $\theta$
must be a so-called tail. This, for example, implies  that
several Krein parameters vanish. Using the fact that $\theta$
is a (light) tail, we are also able to characterize in Theorem
\ref{chartaylor} the distance-regular graphs with diameter $D
\geq 3$, valency $k \geq 3$ and an eigenvalue $\theta$ with
multiplicity $m \geq 2$ satisfying $k= \frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$.


In Section 2 we give the necessary definitions, and in Section
3 some preliminary results. In Section 4 we characterize the
(non-bipartite) Taylor graphs as the  non-bipartite
distance-regular graphs with diameter at least three, having a
light tail such that its accompanying eigenvalue equals $-1$
(Theorem \ref{lighttaylor}). In Section 5 we state and prove Theorem
\ref{main} and Theorem \ref{chartaylor}.

\section{Definitions}
All the graphs considered in this paper are finite, undirected
and simple (for unexplained terminology, examples and more
details, see \cite{bcn, godsil2}). Suppose that $\Gamma$ is a
connected graph with vertex set $V(\Gamma)$ and edge set
$E(\Gamma)$, where $E(\Gamma)$ consists of unordered pairs of
two adjacent vertices. The {\em distance} $d_{\Gamma}(x,y)$
between any two vertices $x$ and $y$ in a graph $\Gamma$ is the
length of a shortest path connecting $x$ and $y$. If the graph
$\Gamma$ is clear from the context, then we simply use
$d(x,y)$. We define the {\em diameter} $D$ of $\Gamma$ as the
maximum distance in $\Gamma$.  For a vertex $x \in V(\Gamma)$,
define $\Gamma_i(x)$ to be the set of vertices which are at
distance precisely $i$ from $x~(0\le i\le D)$. In addition,
define $\Gamma_{-1}(x) = \Gamma_{D+1}(x) := \emptyset$. We
write $\Gamma(x)$ instead of $ \Gamma_1(x)$.


A connected graph $\Gamma$ with diameter $D$ is called
{\em{distance-regular}} if there are integers $b_i, c_i$
$(0\leq i\leq D)$ such that for any two vertices $x, y \in
V(\Gamma)$ with $d(x, y)=i$, there are precisely $c_i$
neighbors of $y$ in $\Gamma_{i-1}(x)$ and $b_i$ neighbors of
$y$ in $\Gamma_{i+1}(x)$, where we define $b_D=c_0=0$. A graph
$\Gamma$ is said to be {\em strongly regular} with parameters
$(v, k, \lambda, \mu)$ whenever $\Gamma$ has $v$ vertices and
is regular with valency $k$, adjacent vertices of $\Gamma$ have
precisely $\lambda$ common neighbors, and distinct non-adjacent
vertices of $\Gamma$ have precisely $\mu$ common neighbors.
Note that distance-regular graphs of diameter two are strongly
regular. We define $a_i := k-b_i-c_i$ for notational
convenience.  Note that $a_i=\mid\Gamma(y)\cap\Gamma_i(x)\mid$
holds for any two vertices $x, y$ with $d(x, y)=i$ $(0\leq
i\leq D).$

 For a distance-regular graph $\Gamma$ and a vertex $x\in V(\Gamma)$, we denote $k_i:=|\Gamma_i(x)|$ and $p^h_{ij}:=|\{w| w\in\Gamma_i(x)\cap\Gamma_j(y)\}|$ for any  $y\in\Gamma_h(x)$. It is easy to see that $k_i = \frac{b_0 b_1 \cdots b_{i-1}}{c_1 c_2 \cdots c_i}$ and hence it does not depend on $x$.  The numbers $a_i$, $b_{i-1}$ and $c_i$ $(1\leq i\leq D)$ are called the {\em{intersection~numbers}}, and the array $\{b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{D-1};c_1,c_2,\cdots,c_D\}$ is called the {\em{intersection~array}} of $\Gamma$.

 Suppose that $\Gamma$ is a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 2$ and valency $k \geq 2$, and let $A_i$ be the matrix of $\Gamma$ such that the rows and the columns of $A_i$ are indexed by the vertices of $\Gamma$ and the ($x, y$)-entry is $1$ whenever $x$ and $y$ are at distance $i$ and $0$ otherwise. We call $A_i$ the $i$th {\it distance matrix} of $\Gamma.$ We abbreviate $A:=A_1$ and call this the {\it adjacency
matrix} of $\Gamma.$ The eigenvalues of the graph $\Gamma$ are
the eigenvalues of $A$.

We find that $A_0,A_1,\ldots,A_D$ form a basis for a
commutative subalgebra $M$ of $\mbox{Mat}_X(\C)$. We call $M$
the {\it Bose-Mesner algebra} of $\Gamma$. It turns out that
$A$ generates $M$ \cite[p.~190]{bannai}. By \cite[p.~45]{bcn},
$M$ has a second basis $E_0,E_1,\ldots,E_D$ of  the {\it
primitive idempotents} of $\Gamma$, and $A$ can be written as
$A = \sum_{i=0}^D \theta_iE_i$, where $\theta_i$ is the {\it
eigenvalue} of $\Gamma$ associated with $E_i$ $(0 \leq i \leq
D)$. We denote by $m_i$ the multiplicity of $\theta_i$. For an
eigenvalue $\theta=\theta_i$ we will also write $E_{\theta}$
instead of $E_i$.

For an eigenvalue $\theta$ of $\Gamma$, the sequence
$(\omega_i)_{i = 0,1,...,D} = (\omega_i (\theta))_{i =
0,1,...,D}$ satisfying $\omega_0 = \omega_0 (\theta) = 1$,
$\omega_1 = \omega_1 (\theta) = \theta/k$, and
$$
c_i\omega_{i-1} + a_i\omega_i + b_i\omega_{i+1} = \theta \omega_i \quad (i= 1, 2,...,D-1)
$$
is called the {\em standard sequence} corresponding to the
eigenvalue $\theta$ (\cite[p.128]{bcn}). A {\em sign change} of
$(\omega_i)_{i = 0,1,...,D}$ is a pair $(i, j)$ with $0 \leq i
< j \leq D$ such that $\omega_i\omega_j < 0$ and $\omega_t = 0$
for $i < t < j$.

Let $\circ $ denote the entrywise product in
$\mbox{Mat}_X(\C)$. Observe that $A_i\circ A_j= \delta_{ij}A_i$
for $0 \leq i,j\leq D$, so $M$ is closed under $\circ$. Thus
there exist complex scalars $q^h_{ij}$ $(0 \leq h,i,j\leq D)$
such that
$$
E_i\circ E_j = |V(\Gamma)|^{-1}\sum_{h=0}^D q^h_{ij}E_h \qquad (0 \leq
i,j\leq D).
$$
By \cite[p.~170]{Biggs}, $q^h_{ij}$ is real and nonnegative for
$0 \leq h,i,j\leq D$. The $q^h_{ij}$ are called the {\it Krein
parameters}. The graph $\Gamma$ is said to be {\it
$Q$-polynomial} (with respect to the given ordering $E_0, E_1,
\ldots, E_D$ of the primitive idempotents) whenever  $q^h_{ij}=
0$ (resp. $q^h_{ij}\not= 0$) whenever one of $h,i,j$ is greater
than (resp. equal to) the sum of the other two ($0 \leq
h,i,j\leq D$) \cite[p.~59]{bcn}.

For each vertex $x \in V(\Gamma)$, we let $\Delta(x)$ denote
the subgraph of $\Gamma$ induced on $\Gamma(x)$. We refer to
$\Delta(x)$ as the {\em local graph} at vertex $x$. We observe
that $\Delta(x)$ has $k$ vertices, and is regular with valency
$a_1$.

A graph $\Gamma$ is called {\em bipartite} if it has no odd
cycle. (A distance-regular graph $\Gamma$ with diameter $D$ is
bipartite if and only if $a_1=a_2=\ldots=a_D=0$.)  An {\em
antipodal} graph is a connected graph $\Gamma$ with diameter $D
\geq 2$ for which being at distance 0 or $D$ is an equivalence
relation. If, moreover, all equivalence classes have the same
size $r$, then $\Gamma$ is also called an {\em antipodal
$r$-cover}. A distance-regular graph $\Gamma$ with intersection
array $\{k,\mu,1;1,\mu,k\}$ is called a {\em Taylor graph}.
These are precisely the distance-regular antipodal $2$-covers
with diameter $3$.


We define tails as follows: An eigenvalue $\theta$ of a
distance-regular graph $\Gamma$ with valency $k$ is called a
{\em tail} if $\theta \neq k$ and $E_{\theta} \circ E_{\theta}
= \alpha  J + \beta E_{\theta} + \gamma E_{\theta'}$ for some
eigenvalue $\theta' \neq k, \theta$ and some $\alpha$, $\beta$
and $\gamma \neq 0$. We call $\theta'$ the {\em accompanying}
eigenvalue for the tail $\theta$. We call $\theta$ a {\em
light} tail if $\beta = 0$ and {\em heavy} otherwise. Note that
$\alpha > 0$ and $\beta \geq 0$. (Note that in \cite{lang},
\cite {jtz}, they also allow $\gamma = 0$ for a tail and a
light tail, respectively. Note that for diameter $D\geq 3$ this
case of $\gamma=0$ only occurs if $\Gamma$ is an antipodal
distance-regular graph of diameter $D=3$ and $\theta = -1$
({\cite[Theorem 4.1(b)]{jtz}}).)

\section{Preliminaries}
In this section we will give some preliminary results.\\

The following lemma is a special case of the Absolute Bound and
we state it for distance-regular graphs only.

\begin{lemma}\label{absbound}{\rm (\cite{neu2})}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D\geq
2$.\\ Then
 $\displaystyle\sum_{q^j_{ii}\neq0}m_j\leq\frac{m_i(m_i+1)}{2}$ {\rm ($0 \leq j \leq D$)}.
\end{lemma}

The next result relates the multiplicity of an eigenvalue and
its number of vertices for a strongly regular graph. A graph
$\Gamma$ is called {\em coconnected} if its complement is
connected.

\begin{lemma}\label{coco}
Let $\Gamma$ be a connected and coconnected strongly regular graph with $v$ vertices and distinct eigenvalues $k > \sigma > \tau$ with corresponding multiplicities $1, f, g$. Then\\
(i) $v \leq \min\{\frac{f(f+3)}{2}, \frac{g(g+3)}{2}\}$.
\\
(ii) If $v > \frac{g(g+1)}{2}$, then $\tau$  is a light tail,
that is,
$\mu=\frac{-(\sigma+1)\tau(\tau+\sigma^2)}{\tau-\sigma(\sigma+2)}$.
\\
(iii) If $v > \frac{f(f+1)}{2}$, then $\sigma$  is a light
tail, that is, $\mu = \frac{-(\tau + 1)\sigma(\sigma +
\tau^2)}{\sigma- \tau(\tau+2)}$.
\\
(iv)  If $v = \frac{g(g+3)}{2}$, then
$$ \begin{aligned}
\mu& = \sigma^3(2\sigma +3), \\
k&= 2\mu, \\
\lambda& = \sigma(2\sigma^3 + \sigma^2 -3\sigma +1), \\
v& = (2\sigma +1)^2(2\sigma^2 +2\sigma -1), \\
\tau& = -\sigma^2(2\sigma +3),
\end{aligned} $$
~~~~and $\sigma >0$ and $\tau < -1$ are integers except for the
case $\sigma = \frac{-1+ \sqrt{5}}{2},$

$\tau = \frac{-1-\sqrt{5}}{2}$ and $\Gamma$ is the pentagon.\\
\\
(v) If $v = \frac{f(f+3)}{2}$, then
$$ \begin{aligned}
\mu& = \tau^3(2\tau+3), \\
k& = 2\mu, \\
\lambda& = \tau(2\tau^3 + \tau^2 -3\tau +1), \\
v& = (2\tau +1)^2(2\tau^2 +2\tau -1),\\
\sigma& = -\tau^2(2\tau +3),
\end{aligned} $$
~~~~and $\sigma >0$ and $\tau < -1$ are integers except for the
case $\sigma = \frac{-1+ \sqrt{5}}{2},$

$\tau = \frac{-1-\sqrt{5}}{2}$ and $\Gamma$ is the pentagon.\\
\end{lemma}

\pf (i) This follows from the absolute bound, Lemma \ref{absbound}. See also \cite[p.169]{seidel}.\\
(ii) It follows from \cite[Theorem 2]{neu2} and \cite[Theorem 6.1]{cgs}.\\
(iii) If we take the complement of $\Gamma$ then it is a strongly regular graph satisfying (ii), and the result follows easily.\\
(iv) See \cite{neu1} (cf. \cite[p.169--170]{seidel}).\\
(v) If we take the complement of $\Gamma$ then it is a strongly
regular graph satisfying (iv), and the result follows
easily.\epf


Next, we introduce the Fundamental Bound and tight
distance-regular graphs.

\begin{lemma}{\rm (\cite[Theorem 6.2]{jkt})}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k$ and distinct eigenvalues $k =
\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$. Then the following
inequality holds.
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{fundbound} \left(\theta_1 + \frac{k}{a_1 + 1}\right)\left(\theta_D + \frac{k}{a_1 + 1}\right)\geq -{\frac{ka_1b_1}{(a_1 +1)^2}}
\end{eqnarray}

\end{lemma}
We refer to {\rm (\ref{fundbound})} as the {\em Fundamental
Bound.} A distance-regular graph $\Gamma$ is {\it tight} if
$\Gamma$ is not bipartite and equality holds in
(\ref{fundbound}).\\

The next lemma gives some known results on tight
distance-regular graphs.
\begin{lemma}\label{tightprop}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k$ and distinct eigenvalues
$k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$. Then\\ (i)
{\rm({\cite[Theorem 12.6]{jkt}})} $\Gamma$ is tight if and only
if
for all $x \in V(\Gamma)$, the local graph $\Delta(x)$ is connected strongly regular with distinct eigenvalues $a_1$, $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_D+1}$, $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1 +1}$.\\
(ii) {\rm({\cite[Theorem 11.7]{jkt}})} If $\Gamma$ is tight, then the intersection number $a_D$ satisfies $a_D = 0$.\\
(iii) {\rm (\cite[Lemma 3.5]{pas2}, cf.\cite{pas1})}
If $\Gamma$ is tight, then the Krein parameter $q^i_{1D}$
satisfies $q^i_{1D} = 0$ unless $i = D-1$ {\rm($0 \leq i \leq
D$)}.
\end{lemma}

The next result is due to Terwilliger and concerns the
eigenvalues of the local graph $\Delta(x)$ at a vertex $x$ of a
distance-regular graph $\Gamma$.

\begin{prop}\label{bcn4.4.4} {\rm ({\cite[Theorem 4.4.4]{bcn}})}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k$ and distinct eigenvalues
$k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$ with corresponding
multiplicities $1=m_0,m_1,\ldots,m_D$. If $\theta_i$ has
multiplicity $m_i$ with $1 < m_i < k$, then $\theta_i \in
\{\theta_1, \theta_D\}$. Putting $b= \frac{b_1}{\theta_i+1}$ we
have that each local graph $\Delta(x)$ has eigenvalue $-1-b$
with multiplicity at least $k - m_i$; in case $-1 -b = a_1$ its
multiplicity is at least $k-m_i+1$.
\end{prop}

The following lemma is a consequence of
Proposition~\ref{bcn4.4.4}.
\begin{lemma}\label{eigmul}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k$ and distinct eigenvalues
$k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$ with corresponding
multiplicities $1=m_0,m_1,\ldots,m_D$. Then $m_1 + m_D \geq
k+1$.
\end{lemma}
\pf As the sum of the multiplicities of $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1
+1}$ and $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_D +1}$ as eigenvalues of the
local graph at vertex $x$ is at most $k-1$  if
$-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_D +1}\neq a_1$ and at most $k$ if equals
$a_1$, the result follows.
\epf


In the next lemma we show that the accompanying eigenvalue of a
light tail $\theta$ is the third-largest eigenvalue, if
$\theta$ is the second-largest eigenvalue.

\begin{lemma}\label{accomp}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k$ and distinct eigenvalues
$k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$. If $\theta = \theta_1$
is a light tail, then the accompanying eigenvalue $\theta'$
satisfies $\theta'= \theta_2$.

 \end{lemma}
 \pf Let $E_i$ be the primitive idempotent corresponding to $\theta_i$.  Now $E_1 \circ E_1 = \alpha E_0 + \beta E_i$, where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are positive numbers. As the standard sequence corresponding to $\theta_1$ is strictly decreasing, this implies that the standard sequence corresponding to $\theta_i$ has at most two sign changes (\cite[Theorem 4.1(iii)]{jtz}). But as $i \neq 0, 1$ it follows that $i = 2$.\epf



\section{Characterizations of Taylor graphs}
In this section we will give some characterizations of the
Taylor graphs. We start with the following result, due to
Taylor.
\begin{lemma}\label{taylor}{\rm (\cite[Proposition 1.5.1, Theorem 1.5.3]{bcn})}
\\(i) If $\Gamma$ is a Taylor graph with valency $k$, then for every $x \in V(\Gamma)$, the local graph $\Delta(x)$ is strongly regular with parameters $(v',\,k',\,\lambda',\,\mu')$ and satisfies
$a_1=k'=2\mu'$,  and $v' = k$.
\\(ii)  If $\Delta$ is a {{\em(}non-complete\em{)}} connected strongly regular graph with $(v',\,k',\,\lambda',\,\mu')$ such that $k'=2\mu'$, then there exists a Taylor graph $\Gamma$ and a vertex $x$ of $\Gamma$ such that the local graph $\Delta(x)$ of $\Gamma$ is isomorphic to $\Delta$.
\end{lemma}

\noindent {\bf Remark}:  We denote by Tay$(\Delta)$, the Taylor graph as in Lemma
$\ref{taylor} (ii)$, where $\Delta$ is a
{{\rm(}non-complete\rm{)}} connected strongly regular graph
with $(v',\,k',\,\lambda',\,\mu')$ satisfying $k'=2\mu'$.\\


The next result gives some sufficient conditions for a
distance-regular graph to be tight.

\begin{lemma} \label{m1mD}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 3$, valency $k$ and distinct eigenvalues $k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$ with corresponding multiplicities $1=m_0,m_1,\ldots,m_D$. Then the following hold.\\
(i) If $m_1 + m_D = k+1$, then $\Gamma$ is an antipodal 2-cover, and $\Gamma$ is tight or bipartite.\\
(ii) If for all vertices $x$ the local graph $\Delta(x)$ is strongly regular and $m_1, m_D < k$, then $\Gamma$ is tight.
\end{lemma}
\pf (i) If $m_1 + m_D = k+1$, then we need to consider two cases: $m_D=1$ and $m_D \geq 2$. If $m_D=1$, then $\Gamma$ is bipartite and $\theta_D= -k$ by {\cite[Proposition 4.4.8(i)]{bcn}}. If $m_i = 1$ and $i \geq 1$, then $i =D$, $\theta_D = -k$ and $\Gamma$ is bipartite. So from now we may assume $m_1 \geq 2$ and $m_D \geq 2$. Now let $m_D \geq 2$. Then $m_1 = k+1-m_D < k$. If  $\theta_D = -1- \frac{b_1}{\theta_1+1}$, then the local graph $\Delta(x)$ at vertex $x$ has eigenvalues $a_1$ and $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1 +1}$ with corresponding multiplicities $k- m_D +1$ and $k-m_1$ by Proposition \ref{bcn4.4.4}. So this means that $\Delta(x)$ is a disjoint union of cliques. Since $\theta_1 > 0$, we find that $ -1- \frac{b_1}{\theta_1+1} < -1$. But it is not possible. So we find that  $\theta_D \neq -1- \frac{b_1}{\theta_1+1}$. Then again by Proposition \ref{bcn4.4.4} we find that for all vertices $x$ the local graph $\Delta(x)$ has eigenvalues $a_1$, $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_D+1}$, $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1 +1}$ with corresponding multiplicities 1, $k-m_D$, $k-m_1$. So this means that $\Delta(x)$ is strongly regular by {\cite[Lemma 10.1.5]{godsil2}}, and hence by Lemma \ref{tightprop}(i), we find $\Gamma$ is tight. So we have shown that $\Gamma$ is tight or bipartite. This means that $a_D = 0$ by Lemma \ref{tightprop}(ii). By \cite{gk} it follows that $k_D = 1$ as otherwise $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1 +1}$ has multiplicity at least $k+1 - m_1$ in $\Delta(x)$ for any vertex $x$. This shows (i).\\
(ii) Let $x$ be a vertex of $\Gamma$ and consider the local
graph $\Delta(x)$. Proposition \ref{bcn4.4.4} implies that
$-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1 +1}$ and $-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_D +1}$
are both eigenvalues of $\Delta(x)$. Now
$-1-\frac{b_1}{\theta_1 +1} \neq -1$, so that means $\Delta(x)$
is not the disjoint union of cliques, and hence is connected.
But this shows that $\Gamma$ is tight in similar fashion as in
(i). \epf

\noindent {\bf Remark}: (i) The bipartite distance-regular
graphs with an eigenvalue having multiplicity $k$ are
determined by N. Yamazaki \cite{yama} and K. Nomura
\cite{nomura}. They found the following:\\
(a) $2d$-gons,\\
(b) complete bipartite graphs,\\
(c) complements of $2 \times(k+1)$-grids,\\
(d) Hadamard graphs,\\
(e) antipodal 2-covers with the intersection array $\{k,\,k-1,\,k-c,\,c,\,1;1,\,c,\\ \,k-c,\,k-1,\,k\}$,
    where $k = \gamma({\gamma}^2 +3\gamma +1)$, $c = \gamma(\gamma +1)$ and $\gamma \geq 2$,\\
(f) hypercubes.\\


For the fifth case, if $\gamma =2$, then the graph is $2$-cover of Higman-Sims graph, and for $\gamma \geq 3$, no graph is known.\\

(ii) The Taylor graphs have $m_1 + m_3 = k+1$. Besides them
there are feasible intersection arrays known for diameter 4
with $m_1 + m_4 = k+1$. These are
$$ \begin{aligned}
&\{56, 45, 12, 1; 1, 12, 45,56\},\\
&\{115, 96, 20, 1; 1, 20, 96, 115\},\\
&\{204, 175, 30,1; 1, 30, 175, 204\} ~{\rm and},\\
&\{329, 288, 42, 1; 1, 42, 288,329\}.
\end{aligned}$$
For the first intersection array, it is known that
there are no distance-regular graphs with this intersection
array{\rm ({\cite[11.4.6 Theorem]{brouwer}})}. There are no
feasible intersection arrays known for larger diameter.\\



In Theorem~\ref{lighttaylor} below, we show that the
(non-bipartite) Taylor graphs are the distance-regular graphs
with diameter $D \geq 3$, valency $k$ and intersection number
$a_1 \neq 0$ having a light tail such that its accompanying
eigenvalue equals $-1$. To show this result we first need the
following lemma.

 \begin{lemma} \label{gentaylor}
 Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq 3$, valency $k$, intersection number $a_1 \neq 0$ and distinct eigenvalues $k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$.
 Let $\theta$ be a light tail of $\Gamma$ with standard sequence $1 = \omega_0,\, \omega_1,\ldots,\omega_D$ and let $\theta'$ be the accompanying eigenvalue of $\theta$.
 For all $x \in V(\Gamma)$, let the local graph $\Delta(x)$ be a {{\em(}non-complete\em{)}} strongly regular graph with parameters $(v' = k, k' = a_1, \lambda', \mu')$.
 Then the following statements are equivalent.
 \\
 (i) $\theta' = -1$.\\
 (ii) $\theta$ is a root of $x^2 - (a_1 -b_1) x -k$.
 \\
 (iii) $k' = 2\mu'$.\\
 (iv) $\omega_2 = -\omega_1$.
 \end{lemma}

 \pf The equivalence (i)$\Leftrightarrow$(ii) follows from {\rm {\cite[Theorem 4.1(a)]{jtz}}}.\\
 The equivalence (ii)$\Leftrightarrow$(iii) follows from {\rm {\cite[Corollary 6.3]{jtz}}}.\\
 The equivalence (ii)$\Leftrightarrow$(iv) is straightforward.
   \epf

In the next result we show that any of the $4$ statements in
Lemma~\ref{gentaylor} is equivalent with $\Gamma$ be a Taylor
graph.



\begin{thm}\label{lighttaylor}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k$, intersection number $a_1 \neq 0$ and distinct
eigenvalues $k=\theta_0>\theta_1>\ldots>\theta_D$. Let $\theta
\neq \pm k$ be an eigenvalue of $\Gamma$. Then the following statements are equivalent:\\
(i) $\theta$ is a light tail of $\Gamma$ with standard sequence
$1 = \omega_0,\, \omega_1,\ldots,\omega_D$ such that its
accompanying eigenvalue $\theta'$ equals $-1$.\\
(ii) $\Gamma$ is a Taylor graph and $\theta \in \{\theta_1,
\theta_3\}$.


\end{thm}


\pf (i)$\Rightarrow$(ii) As $a_1 \neq 0$ and $\theta$ is a
light tail it follows that $\theta \in \{ \theta_1, \theta_D\}$
by {\rm {\cite[Remarks 3.3(iii)]{jtz}}}. If $\theta =
\theta_1$, then $\theta_2= \theta' = -1$ by Lemma \ref{accomp}.
If $D \geq 4$, then $\theta_2 \geq \min\{0, a_2, a_4\} \geq 0$.
This implies that $D=3$. By \cite[Theorem 5.1]{jtz} and
Lemma~\ref{gentaylor} we find $c_3 = k\frac{\omega_3(1 -
\omega_1)}{\omega_3 - \omega_2} = k\frac{\omega_3(1 -
\omega_1)}{\omega_3 + \omega_1}$. This implies $c_3 = k$ and
$\omega_3 = -1$ as $\omega_1 > 0$ and hence $\Gamma$ is an
antipodal $r$-cover. By \cite[p.142--143]{bcn}, $ \omega_3 =
-1/(r-1)$ and hence $\Gamma$ is a Taylor graph. Let us assume
that  $\theta = \theta_D$, then we need to consider two cases:
$D=3$ and $D \geq 4$. If $ D=3$, then let $\alpha$ be the
largest root of $x^2 - (a_1 -b_1) x -k$. Let Tay($\Delta$) be
the Taylor graph corresponding to $\Delta = \Delta(x)$ as in Lemma
\ref{taylor}(ii). Here note that as $\theta$ is a light tail
the local graph $\Delta =\Delta(x)$ is a (non-complete) strongly
regular graph with parameters $(v' = k, k' = a_1, \lambda',
\mu')$ and it satisfies $k' = 2\mu'$ by Lemma~\ref{gentaylor}.
Now $\Delta$ has the smallest eigenvalue $-1-
\frac{b_1}{\alpha +1}$ as $\alpha$ is an eigenvalue of
Tay$(\Delta)$ and Tay$(\Delta)$ is tight. This implies
$\theta_1 \leq \alpha$ (\cite[Theorem 4.4.3]{bcn}). But then
$a_1 +a_2 + a_3=k + \theta_1 + \theta_2 + \theta_3 \leq k +
\alpha + \theta_2 + \theta_3 = 2a_1$ as Tay$(\Delta)$ has
eigenvalues $k,\, \alpha,\, \theta_2,\, \theta_3$. Hence $a_1
\geq a_2 + a_3$. But $a_2 + a_3 \geq a_1$ by
{\rm{\cite[Proposition 4]{koojong}}}. So $a_2 + a_3 = a_1$ and
this implies $a_3 = 0$ and $b_2 = 1$ and hence $\Gamma$ is a
Taylor graph. If $D \geq 4$, then by {\rm{\cite[Theorem
3.1(iii)]{kpy}}}, $\theta_1 \geq \frac{a_1 + \sqrt{{a^2_1} +
4k}}{2} > a_1 +1$. But again from the proof of $D =3$ we have
$\theta_1 \leq \alpha$, where $\alpha$ is the largest root of
$x^2 - (a_1 -b_1) x -k$. But if we evaluate the polynomial $x^2
- (a_1 -b_1) x -k$ in point $a_1 +1$ we see that it is always
non-negative. This means that $\alpha \leq a_1+1$ and $\alpha
\geq \theta_1 > a_1 +1$, a contradiction. So
this case can not occur. \\
(ii)$\Rightarrow$(i) It is easily checked that if $\Gamma$ is a
Taylor graph then $\theta \in \{ \theta_1, \theta_3\}$ is a
light tail and its accompanying eigenvalue $\theta'$  equals
$-1$. \epf



\section{The refined bound}

In this section, we will show the following refined version of
Theorem \ref{godsilbound}.

\medskip

\begin{thm}\label{main}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k \geq 2$ and distinct eigenvalues $k = \theta_0 >
\theta_1 > \ldots, \theta_D$. Let $\theta \neq \pm k$ be an
eigenvalue of $\Gamma$ with multiplicity $m \geq 2$.
Then $k \leq \frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}.$ More precisely, the following hold.\\[2pt]
(i) If $m=2$, then $k=2$.\\[2pt]
(ii) If $\theta$ is not a tail and $m \geq 3$, then $k \leq \frac{(m-1)(m+4)}{4}$.\\[2pt]
(iii) If $\theta$ is a heavy tail with $\theta' \not\in \{\theta_1, \theta_D\}$ and $m \geq 3$, then $k \leq \frac{(m+1)(m-2)}{2} $.\\[2pt]
(iv) If $\theta$ is a heavy tail with $\theta' \in \{ \theta_1, \theta_D\}$ and $m \geq 3$, then $k \leq  \frac{(m-2)(m+3)}{2}$.\\[2pt]
(v)  If $\theta$ is a light tail, then $k \leq
\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$.
\end{thm}

\medskip

\pf Let $\theta= \theta_i \neq \pm k$ be an eigenvalue of
$\Gamma$ with multiplicity $m = m_i$. {\rm{\cite[Proposition
4.4.8(ii)]{bcn}}} shows $k=2$ if and only if $m=2$. This shows
(i). So from now on we may assume $m \geq 3$ and $k \geq 3$. We
will first consider the case $m < k$ and later we will consider
$m \geq k$. Let us first assume $m < k$. Then $i \in \{1,\,
D\}$ by Proposition \ref{bcn4.4.4}, and $a_1 \neq 0$ by
{\rm{\cite[Theorem 3.2]{jtz}}}. If there are at least two
distinct $j_1,\,j_2 \not \in \{0,\,i\}$ satisfying
$q^{j_1}_{ii} \neq 0 \neq q^{j_2}_{ii}$, then by Lemma
\ref{absbound} and Lemma \ref{eigmul} we have $\frac{{m}(m +
1)}{2} \geq m_0 +m_{j_1} +m_{j_2} \geq 1 + k + k - m +1$ and
hence $k \leq \frac{(m-1)(m+4)}{4}$. If $q^j_{ii} = 0$ for all
$j \not \in \{0,\,i\}$, then by {\rm{\cite[Theorem
4.1(b)]{jtz}}}, $\Gamma$ is  antipodal with diameter 3 and
$\theta= \theta_2 = -1$. But then $m=k$. This shows (ii) if $m
< k$. Now let us assume $\theta$ is a tail and $\theta'$ its
accompanying eigenvalue. Let $m'$ be the multiplicity of
$\theta'$. If $\theta$ is a heavy tail with $\theta' \not\in
\{\theta_1, \theta_D\}$, then by Lemma \ref{absbound} and
Proposition \ref{bcn4.4.4}, $\frac{{m}(m + 1)}{2} \geq 1 + m +
k$ and this shows (iii) if $m < k$. If $\theta$ is a heavy tail
with $\theta' \in \{\theta_1, \theta_D\}$, then by Lemma
\ref{absbound}, Proposition \ref{bcn4.4.4}, and Lemma
\ref{eigmul}, $\frac{{m}(m + 1)}{2} \geq 1 + m + m' \geq 1 + m
+ k + 1 - m = k +2$. But if $\frac{{m}(m + 1)}{2}  = k +2$,
then $m+m' = k+1$ and it follows by Lemma \ref{m1mD} that
$\Gamma$ is tight. But $q^j_{1D} = 0$ if $j \neq D-1$ by Lemma
\ref{tightprop}(iii), so this give a contradiction. This shows
(iv) when $m < k$. Now if $\theta$ is a light tail, then for
all vertices $x$ the local graph $\Delta(x)$ is strongly
regular by {\rm {\cite[Corollary 6.3]{jtz}}}. If $m' < k$, then
$\{\theta,\,\theta'\} = \{\theta_1, \theta_D\}$ and by Lemma
\ref{m1mD}(ii) $\Gamma$ is tight. But this is not possible by
Lemma \ref{tightprop}(iii). This means $m'  \geq k$. Now by
Lemma \ref{absbound}, $\frac{{m}(m + 1)}{2} \geq m_0 + m' \geq
1 + k$. This shows (v). So we have shown the theorem if $m <
k$. As $m \leq \frac{(m-1)(m+4)}{4}$, $m \leq
\frac{(m-2)(m+3)}{2}$, and $m \leq  \frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$ if $m
\geq 3$, it follows that cases (ii), (iv), and (v) also hold if
$m \geq k \geq 3$. For case (iii) and $m \geq k \geq 3$ we see
that $m \leq \frac{(m+1)(m-2)}{2} $ unless $m=3$. If $m=3$ and
$m \geq k \geq 3$, then we see that $k=3$ and $a_1 = 0$ as $D
\geq 3$. But then $\theta$ is a light tail, a contradiction
with the assumption that $\theta$ is a heavy tail. \epf

In the following theorem, we characterize the distance-regular graphs
with valency at least three which attain the bound in
Theorem~\ref{main}.

\bigbreak

\begin{thm}\label{chartaylor}
Let $\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with diameter $D \geq
3$, valency $k \geq 3$ and an eigenvalue $\theta$ having
multiplicity $m \geq 2$. Then the following statements are
equivalent.\\
(i) $k = \frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$.\\
(ii) $\Gamma$ is a Taylor graph with intersection array $ \{
(2\alpha +1)^2(2\alpha^2 + 2\alpha -1),\,  2\alpha^3(2\alpha
+3),\, 1;1,\,  2\alpha^3(2\alpha +3),\,  (2\alpha
+1)^2(2\alpha^2 + 2\alpha -1)\}$ where $\alpha$ is an integer
$\neq 0,-1$ or $\alpha = \frac{-1\pm \sqrt{5}}{2}$, {\rm(}and $
m = 4\alpha^2 + 4\alpha -1${\rm)}.
\end{thm}

\pf (i)$\Rightarrow$(ii) The only distance-regular graphs with
an eigenvalue having multiplicity 2 are the polygons. So
$\theta$ has multiplicity $m \geq 3$. As $m <
\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2}$ if $m \geq 3$, we have $m < k$ and hence
$a_1 \neq 0$. By Theorem \ref{main}, the eigenvalue $\theta$ is
a light tail. To complete the proof, we will show that for any vertex $x$ of $\Gamma$, the local graph $\Delta(x)$ at the vertex $x$ is a strongly regular graph with parameters $(v',k',\lambda',\mu')$ satisfying $k'=2\mu'$. Then by Lemma~\ref{gentaylor} the accompanying eigenvalue $\theta'$ of $\theta$ is equal to $-1$, and hence by Theorem~\ref{lighttaylor} the graph $\Gamma$ is a Taylor graph  with the parameters as stated in the theorem.\\
Let $x$ be a vertex of $\Gamma$. Then the local graph
$\Delta(x)$ is a strongly regular graph. If
$\Delta(x)$ is not connected, then $\Delta(x)$ is the disjoint
union of $\frac{k}{a_1 + 1}$ complete graphs with $a_1 + 1$
vertices. Then by {\rm {\cite[Corollary 6.3]{jtz}}}, we have
$$\theta=
\theta_D = -1-\frac{b_1}{a_1 +1} = \frac{-k}{a_1 +1}$$ and also by {\rm
{\cite[Theorem 3.2]{jtz}}} we have
$$m =
k -\frac{b_1}{a_1 +1} \geq \frac{k}{2} + 1.$$
As $k=\frac{(m+2)(m-1)}{2} \geq 2m
-1$ if $m \geq 3$, we find that
 $\Delta(x)$ must be connected. By
{\rm {\cite[Corollary 6.3]{jtz}}} we find that $\Delta(x)$ has
an eigenvalue $\frac{a_1 \theta}{\theta + k}$ with multiplicity
$m-1$. Now by parts (iv) and (v) in Lemma \ref{coco}, we find
that the local graph $\Delta(x)$ at the vertex $x$ is
strongly regular with parameters $ (v',k',\lambda',\mu')=$
$((2\alpha +1)^2(2\alpha^2
+2\alpha -1), \,2\alpha^3(2\alpha+3) ,\, \alpha(2\alpha^3 +
\alpha^2 -3\alpha +1),\, \alpha^3(2\alpha+3)) $
satisfying $k'=2\mu'$, where $\alpha$
is an integer $\neq 0,-1$ or $\alpha = \frac{-1\pm
\sqrt{5}}{2}$. This shows (i). \\
(ii)$\Rightarrow$(i) Trivial.\\
 This finishes the
proof. \epf

\noindent {\bf Remark}: Note that the
distance-2 graph of a graph $\Gamma = (V(\Gamma),E(\Gamma))$
has as vertex set $V(\Gamma)$ and two vertices are adjacent if
they have distance 2 in $\Gamma$. Then the distance-2 graph of a Taylor graph with
intersection array $$ \{ (2\alpha +1)^2(2\alpha^2 + 2\alpha
-1),\,  2\alpha^3(2\alpha +3),\, 1;1,\,  2\alpha^3(2\alpha
+3),\,  (2\alpha +1)^2(2\alpha^2 + 2\alpha -1)\},$$ where
$\alpha$ is an integer $\neq 0,1$ or $\alpha = \frac{-1\pm
\sqrt{5}}{2}$, is again a Taylor graph with intersection array
$$\{ (2\beta +1)^2(2\beta^2 + 2\beta -1),\,
2\beta^3(2\beta +3),\, 1;1,\,  2\beta^3(2\beta
+3),\,(2\beta +1)^2(2\beta^2 + 2\beta -1)\},$$ where
$\beta = -\alpha-1.$

Also, the following hold:\\
(i) $\Gamma$ is the Icosahedron if $\alpha = \frac{-1\pm \sqrt{5}}{2}$,\\
(ii)  $\Gamma$ is the Gosset graph if $\alpha = 1$,\\
(iii) $\Gamma$ is the distance-2 graph of Gosset graph if $\alpha = -2$,\\
(iv) $\Gamma$ is the Tay(McLaughlin graph) (see \cite{Tay}) if $\alpha = -3$,\\
(v) $\Gamma$ is  the distance-2 graph of Tay(McLaughlin graph) if $\alpha = 2$,\\
(vi) For the  other $\alpha$ nothing is known.\\





\subsection*{Acknowledgements}
We would like to thank Edwin
van Dam for his careful reading and comments. The third author
is (partly) financed by the mathematics cluster DIAMANT of the
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).

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\end{document}
