Invariant Principal Order Ideals under Foata’s Transformation

Abstract

Let $\Phi$ denote  Foata's second fundamental transformation on permutations. For a permutation $\sigma$ in the symmetric group $S_n$, let $\widetilde{\Lambda}_{\sigma}=\{\pi\in S_n\colon\pi\leq_{w} \sigma\}$ be the principal order ideal generated by $\sigma$  in the weak order $\leq_{w}$. Björner and Wachs have shown that $\widetilde{\Lambda}_{\sigma}$ is invariant under $\Phi$ if and only if $\sigma$ is a 132-avoiding permutation. In this paper, we consider the invariance property of  $\Phi$ on the principal order ideals ${\Lambda}_{\sigma}=\{\pi\in S_n\colon \pi\leq \sigma\}$ with respect to the Bruhat order $\leq$.  We obtain a characterization  of permutations $\sigma$ such that ${\Lambda}_{\sigma}$ are invariant under $\Phi$. We also consider the invariant principal order  ideals with respect to the Bruhat order  under Han's bijection $H$. We find  that ${\Lambda}_{\sigma}$ is invariant under the bijection $H$ if and only if it is invariant under the transformation $\Phi$.